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The most common immunodeficiencies are those that tend to develop in adulthood and affect antibody production. Antibodies are proteins of the immune system responsible for the recognition of germs and the activation of different immune cells. They are produced by two types of cells: B lymphocytes or B cells and plasma cells. Both are very…

The first question that comes to mind for an immunologist when they hear about paternal antibodies and their (supposed) relationship with recurrent reproductive failure is precisely, what are paternal antibodies? Those of us who work in clinical hospital immunology and perform analytical tests for organ transplantation are used to finding antibodies against HLA molecules in…

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are autoantibodies that bind to phospholipid-associated proteins that are located in many types of cells, such as the walls of blood vessels, as well as in the cells of the endometrial mucosa and in the cells derived from embryonic development (trophoblast). When they bind to the target cell, they can perform several…

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that are part of the group of cells that make up lymphocytes, which also includes B lymphocytes – the cells that start the production of antibodies – and T lymphocytes – the cells that orchestrate the immune system’s responses and defend us from…